APPENDICES Appendix A The two tables in appendix A describe the smoking habits of more than 18,000 employees from 16 components of the General Electric Company in various parts of the United States (personal communica- tion, T. R. Casey and H. R. Richards, General Electric Company, June 1985). The data are presented to demonstrate the differences that can exist by payment category within the same workforce. The employees categorized as exempt are managers and specialists in various professions who are not bound by the provisions of the wage and hours law. Nonexempt personnel are generally clerical and secretarial workers, and hourly personnel are skilled and semi- skilled people who work in manufacturing. It is clear that substan- tial differences in smoking habits exist between men and women, between older and younger workers, and among employees in the three payment classifications. 78 TABLE Al.-Sample of smoking habits of employees of 16 workforce components of the General Electric Company, May 1985 category Nonsmokers Smokers Examokers Women MelI Women Men Women Mel-l - 145 145 545 >45 545 >45 545 >45 545 >45 545 145 Total 5 20 c&/day No. of employees Years of smoking Average years >20 cigs/day No of employees Years of smoking Average years 264 29 1.208 404 53 15 320 286 33 9 252 266 3.139 721 485 5,172 9,979 232 205 2.050 5.106 13.6 32.3 16.2 349 7.0 22.8 6.1 19.2 9 4 122 140 6 3 75 163 522 154 135 2,175 4,363 56 66 820 3,527 17.1 33.8 17.8 31.2 9.3 22.0 10.9 21.6 2 20 eigslday No. of employees Years of smoking Average years >20 cigslday 370 135 528 94 188 79 273 83 75 29 131 91 2,076 2,441 2,376 3,631 2,810 555 518 1,111 1,919 13.0 30.1 13.3 33.9 7.4 17.9 a.5 21.1 No. of employees 47 20 130 35 11 9 57 40 349 Years of smoking 863 666 2.021 1,220 161 226 761 1,092 Average years 18.4 33.3 15.5 34.9 14.6 25.1 13.4 27.3 (x1 0 TABLE Al.-Continued Nonsmokers Smokers Ex-smoken WCllllen Men Women Men Women Men category 545 .45 5 45 -145 545 -,45 145 .45 545 >45 < 45 .45 TVtal Hourly < 20 c&/day No of employees 1.521 1,153 1.779 582 1,211 674 1,556 716 219 168 501 507 10.5x9 Years of smoking 17,247 21,786 22,287 25,942 2,036 3.662 4.579 11.986 Average years 14.2 32.3 14.3 36.2 9.3 21.9 9.1 23.6 :a 20 cigsiday No. of employees 155 91 405 259 35 34 144 233 1,3.x Years of smoking 2,714 3,083 7,520 9,716 482 870 1,706 6,265 Average years 17.5 33.9 113.6 37.5 13.8 25.6 11.8 26.9 Total employees 2,155 1,317 3,515 1.080 1,663 SOURCE: General Electric Campany Corporate Medical Operation (1985) 883 2,608 1,519 379 252 1.160 1,300 18.031 TABLE AL.-Smoking habits of General Electric employees in various employment categories Men Women 545 years old >45 years old <45 years old i45 years old category Never Current Former Never Current Former Never Current Former Never Current Former Exempt Total 61.1 22.4 16.5 32.1 35.1 34.1 72.3 17.0 10.7 48.3 31.7 20 < 20 cigarettes/day 12.4 77.1 67.1 62.0 85.5 84.6 78.9 75 ) 20 ciaarettes/dav 27.6 22.9 32.9 38.0 14.5 15.4 21.1 25 Nonexempt Total 5 20 cigarettes/day > 20 clgaretteslday Hourly Total <' 20 cigarettes/day `,, 20 cigarettes/day 47.2 36.0 16.8 27.4 344 38.2 53.6 34.0 12.4 496 36.4 14.0 67.7 69.7 70.3 69.5 80.0 87.2 79.8 763 32.3 30.3 297 30.5 200 12.8 20.2 23.7 40.6 44.7 14.7 25.7 42.4 32.2 48.4 43.5 8.1 54.4 361 9.5 79.4 77.7 73.4 685 687 862 881 83.2 20.6 22.3 26.6 31.5 11.3 13.8 11.9 168 Appendix B The data in appendix B, portrayed in bar graph format (personal communication, L. Garfinkel, October 19851, represent smoking characteristics by age, occupation, and sex of the more than 1.2 million men and women studied in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II. This study, initiated in 1982, is the largest known prospective study of its kind. The data on smoking and occupation were collected at the time of enrollment. Occupation- al categories were determined from answers to open-ended questions and, therefore, may not correspond to U.S. Department of Labor categories. These data provide comparative information on smoking habits within occupational categories to demonstrate the variability that exists between the estimates derived from individual research designs and the national probability estimates derived from surveys. The number above each bar represents the total population for each age and occupational category. The first graph presents the percent- ages for all occupations; the occupational categories compared are the following. Aide Architect Assembler $$Im$ve pr~e;yan ~l~rlgyService Construction iii%gry Disabled Doctor Education Electrician Engineer Executive Factory Worker Farmer Fire Fighter I??myYparation Heavy Equipment Hospital Worker Housewife Law Enforcement Lawyer l&&me Operator Ea&itetrance Military Miner Nursing Office Worker Painter Pharmacy gmE&yd Printing Postal Service Printing kurogtiorker Sales Social Worker Steel Mill Technician zEFttkne Operator Truck Driver Unemployed gEVfe;/ WElltESS Woodworker 82 00 ALL OCCUPATIONS 00. AIDE M- 10 - B 00 50 40 JO 20 !O 0 Do ARCHITECT I, / / / I / `8 ,* r I-. I I / I I/ j I' llil ASSEMBLER AUTOMOTIVE I-- - Mm W- too BARBER/BEAUTICIAN 1 un W- tm 90 CIVIL SERVKX Mm W- too 91) CONSTRUCTION so CLERGY so DATA ENTRY 80 -' L3 Pmudaw rm 90 EDUCATION 90 ELECTRICIAN I K! ENGINEER m EXECUTIVE ._ m FACTORY WORKER a0 70 1 i:.i Ppdagu IM a3 00 90 FIRE FIGHTER FOREMAN Jb "--' ,i,Y so HEAW EQUIPMENT bl 70 J I-- - tm r'.l WDmdaor 00 HOSPITAL WORKER 90 I I: LAW ENFORCEMENT *,* ( I.`-' I " W 0 LAWYER I MACHINE OPERATOR 90 MAINTENANCE un W- rm MANAGER ./ :, I iiT /- 1 ,- . . ml 557 MILITARY 1 w MINER 80 a0 NURSING w N h - Do OFFICE WORKER co 70 00 00 4 30 20 10 0 lblsSWO-Iccn PAINTER yn - tm 90 PHARMACY PHOTO AND PRINTtNG 1 I-- - 40-e x-60 oo-00 m-m 00 POSTAL SERVICE ml- PRINTING 6.2 RAILROAD WORKER Mm W- tm 00 REAL ESTATE 100 E3 plpmdaor Do SALES Mm W- `ml I SOCIAL WORKER ( 100 00 176 STEEL MILL Mm W- Ial RI TECHNICIAN Men W- Irn w , ,,I TEXTILE TELEPHONE OPERATOR 90 881 TRUCK DRIVER m UNEMPLOYED O"i WAITER/WAITRESS 1 1 WOOD WORKER CHAPTER 3 EVALUATION OF SMOKING-RELATED CANCERS IN THE WORKPLACE CONTENTS Introduction Lung Cancer Death Rates and Smoking Interactions Between Cigarette Smoking and Occupational Exposures Biologic Interactions Statistical Interaction Public Health Interactions Confounding of Occupational Exposures by Smoking Behavior Sources of Confounding Smoking Status Measures of Smoking Intensity Duration of Exposure Control of Confounding Comparisons Using External Control Populations Comparisons Using Internal Control Populations Examination of Occupational Exposures When Smoking Habits Are Not Known Summary and Conclusions References 99