1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1990 YW FIGURE Il.-Changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts of U.S. women employed in blue-collar occupations, 1900-1978 SOURCE, Data from National Center for Health St&sties. National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1990 (combined). and for men and women. Among white women and biack men, blue- collar workers are somewhat more likely than others to be heavy smokers. The consumption differences between white workers and black workers are even more pronounced when the percentage of smokers smoking 40 or more cigarettes daily is examined. White men are about four times more likely than black men to smoke 40 or more cigarettes daily, regardless of occupation. Similarly, white women are about three times more likely than black women to smoke more than 40 cigarettes daily, regardless of occupational group. 51 leo0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1930 YW FIGURE 12.-Changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts of U.S. women employed in service occupations, 1900-1978 SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 197&1960 kombmedL Among women, there are minimal racial or occupational differ- ences in the proportion of current smokers who have attempted to quit smoking. However, blue-collar, service, and not employed black men are somewhat less likely than all other groups to have attempted to quit. Among those who have ever smoked, white-collar male workers are the most likely to have quit smoking. Blue-collar and service workers generally have lower quit rates than white- collar workers, and this pattern holds true for white men and black men and white women. Black women have low quit rates regardless of occupational category. Additionally, black male blue-collar work- 52 TABLE l&-Estimates of occupational distribution by sex and race, aged 20 to 64 years, United States, 1978-1980 Men (percentage) Women (percentage1 Classification while Black white Black White-collar 40.8 23.0 41.8 31.1 BlU~Ollar 40.6 45.2 9.0 11.0 Service 5.5 11.6 9.4 22.8 Homemaking 42.6 34.7 Not employed 10.0 18.8 - SOURCES National Center for Health Statistics, Natnxml Health lnterv~ew Surveys. 1970 and 197~1980 icombmed) (See Technical Addendum.1 ers have a considerably lower quit rate (24.9 percent) than white male blue-collar workers (36.0 percent). In summary, black workers are more likely than white workers to be cigarette smokers, with black male blue-collar workers having the highest smoking rate. In contrast, white workers are much more likely than black workers to be heavy smokers, regardless of occupational category. White workers are more likely to have quit smoking, with the exception of white female blue-collar workers. Black male blue-collar workers and all black female workers have low quit rates. Among black men and white men and white women, white-collar workers have both lower rates of current smoking and higher proportions of former smokers than blue-collar or service workers. The one group that deviates from this pattern is black women; white-collar workers have a higher rate of current smoking and a somewhat lower proportion of former smokers than blue-collar or service workers, and homemakers have a relatively high rate of current smoking. Summary and Conclusions 1. Among men, a substantially higher percentage of blue-collar workers than white-collar workers currently smoke cigarettes. Operatives and kindred workers have the highest rate of current smoking (approaching 50 percent), with professional, technical, and kindred workers having the lowest rates of current smoking (approximately 26 percent). 2. Among women, blue-collar versus white-collar differences are less pronounced, but still show a higher percentage of current smokers among blue-collar workers. Occupational categories 53 TABLE 17.-Estimates (percentages) of smoking prevalence, heavy smoking, and quitting behavior by race, sex, and occupation, aged 20 to 64 years, United States 1978-1980 Occupation White Black Men Women Men Women Current smokers Total 40.1 33.3 White-collar 32.8 32.0 Blue-collar 46.5 39.6 servia? 47 0 38.7 Homemaking - 32.9 Not employed 43.6 - Smoke 220 daily Total 74.5 62.8 White-collar 74.9 62.5 Bluecollar 75.4 66.0 service 72.1 60.9 Homemaking - 63.2 Not employed 73.4 - Smoke 240 daily Total White-collar Bluecollar SWViC%? Homemaking Not employed 20.7 12.4 22.5 12.6 20.0 12.0 19.0 13.9 - 12.2 19.9 - Current smokers who have made a serious attempt to quit Total 61.2 59.4 White-callar 63.6 59.1 Blue-collar 59.1 58.5 Service 57.2 57.5 Homemaking - 60.5 Not employed 64.6 - Ever smoked who are former smokers Total 41.4 33.1 White-collar 48.8 34.6 Blue-collar 36.0 24.6 Service 32.6 26.6 Homemaking - 34.3 Not employed 35.2 - 47.1 38.4 52.1 48.8 - 47.6 43.1 40.0 45.9 42.5' - 42.1 5.4 3.3 6.0 2.3' - 8.4 53.6 62.1 53.3 50.0 ' - 49.5 28.6 34.4 24.9 30.8 - 29.7 ' < 100 cases m the denommator lunweighted sample). SOURCE National Center for Health Statistics. Natvmal Health Interview Surveys. 197f?-1980 (combined). rSee Techmcal Addendum.) with the highest rates of current smoking include craftsmen and kindred workers (approximately 45 percent current smok- ers) and managers and administrators (38 percent), with the 34.6 35.2 33.4 33.5 37.1 - 27.6 29.5 31.8 * 31.4 23.5 - 4.0 4.2 5.2 * 3.5 4.0 - 60.0 60.0 59.9 ' 58.1 64.2 - 24.6 23.6 24.8 25.3 24.4 - 54 lowest rate of current smoking occurring among women employed in professional, technical, and kindred occupations (26 percent). 3. Occupational differences in daily cigarette consumption are generally modest. For both men and women, the highest daily consumption of cigarettes occurs among managers and admin- istrators and craftsmen and kindred workers. 4. Blue-collar workers (both men and women) report an earlier onset of smoking than white-collar workers. A substantial fraction of smokers report initiation of smoking at ages coincident with their entry into the workforce. 5. Blue-collar occupations have a lower percentage of former smokers than white-collar occupations; this difference is most pronounced among men. Among women, the pattern for homemakers closely parallels that of white-collar women. 6. Black workers have higher smoking rates than white workers, with black male blue-collar workers exhibiting the highest smoking rate. Black workers also have lower quit rates than white workers. In contrast, white workers of both sexes are more likely to be heavy smokers regardless of occupational category. 55 Technical Addendum: National Health Interview Survey Estimates Estimates of current smoking reported in this chapter were obtained from the 1978, 1979, and 1980 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). A special data tape was prepared by the National Center for Health Statistics to allow linkages across surveys, thereby permitting analyses of the combined 1978-1980 NHIS. This increase in sample size provides greater statistical reliability in the estimates of population subgroups of interest to this Report. The smoking items were completed by 12,105 respondents in 1978, 24,727 in 1979, and 10,649 in 1980, resulting in a combined sample of 47,481. Standard NHIS protocols were followed in each survey, including a random probability sample design of the noninstitution- alized adult U.S. population, and face-to-face interviews using U.S. Bureau of the Census interviewers. Response rates routinely exceed- ed 95 percent. Given the large samples and exceptionally high response rates, the NHIS estimates are generally regarded as the best available estimates of national smoking patterns. Because the focus of this Report is on occupational differences in smoking, analysis of the 197&1980 NHIS was restricted to respondents 20 to 64 years of age (n = 36,745). The definition of a current smoker was obtained from the following question asked in the surveys: "DO you smoke cigarettes now?" This includes both regular and occasional smokers who are currently smoking. For estimates of average age of initiation and quitting behavior, the denominator includes both current and former smokers who describe themselves as having ever smoked "fairly regularly." The 1978-1980 National Health Interview Surveys utilized the occupational coding scheme used in the 1970 U.S. Census. The occupational subgroups examined in this Report, along with their respective code numbers, are listed in Table 18. Accompanying each NHIS public use data tape is an algorithm that weights the sample to the 1970 U.S. population. All estimates of smoking behavior reported here use this algorithm. Data from the 1970 NHIS (reported in Tables 1, 11-15) were obtained from the 1970 NHIS public use tape, which contains data from 76,239 respondents who completed questions on their smoking behavior. Of these, 59,557 respondents were between the ages of 20 and 64. Because the occupational classifications were revised be- tween the 1970 and the 1978-1980 NHIS, changes in smoking behavior could be reported only for the specific occupations whose classification did not change. As a preliminary step in the analysis of the 1978-1980 NHIS, the equivalency of the three NHIS samples within occupational groups TABLE l&-Occupational codes and categories used in the 1978-1980 National Health Interview Surveys occupation category Occupations included U.S. Census Bureau occupation codes' Professional, technical, and kindred Managers, admin., except farm 201-245 Sales workers 260-280 Clerical and kindred workers Bookkeepers Office machine operators Mail handlers, postal clerks telegraph messengers Secretaries, stenographers, typists. receptionists All other clerical workers 305 341-355 331. 332, 361. 383 Craftsmen and kindred Carpenters workers Other construction craftsmen Operatives and kindred Operatives, except transport 601-695 workers Transport equipment operatives 701-715 Laborers, except farm 740-785 Service workers Cleaning service 901-903 Food service 91C-916 Health and personal service 921-954 Protective service 960-965 Private household workers 9fs9ed Engineers and architects 002, cQ6-023 Screntists 034-054.091-096 Health workers 061-085 Teachers, including college 102-145 Enmneerinrr. science technicians lW162 All-other &essional, 001, c03-m5. 024-033, 05540. 0% technical, kindred workers 090, 097-101, 146149, 16199 Mechanics and repairmen Metal craftsmen. except mechanics All ether craftsmen Farmers and farm managers 801.802 Farm laborers and foremen 821-824 364-372, 276, 391 301-304, 306-330, 333-340, 35&360, 362, 363, 373-375. 377-382, 384-390, 392-399 41S416 410-412. 421. 430. 431, 436, 440, 51CL.512, 520-523, 534. 550, 560 470-495 403, 404, 442, 446, 454, 461. 462, 502-504. 514, 533, 53s0, 561, 562 401-402. 405-409, 413. 414, 417-421, 422-429, 43243.5. 437-439, 441, 443- 445, 447453. 455-480, 46.3469, 4% 501, 50.5-509, 513, 515-519, 524-532, 541-549, 551659. ?&L560 ' Whitecollar occupations are designated by code values 001-399; blue-collar occupatmns are designated by code valss 400785 was examined in regard to smoking prevalence and heavy smoking. These results showed a high degree of statistical equivalency across 57 TABLE 19.~Estimates of the percentage of current smokers by sex, occupation, and NHIS sample (1978, 1979, 1980), aged 20 to 84 years Men Women P P Occupation 197.8 1979 1980 value 1978 1979 1980 value White-collar total 32.5 33.4 33.1 NS' 32.9 32.4 30.8 NS Professional, technical and kindred workers Managers and administrators, except farm Sales workers Clerical and kindred workers 28.1 24.6 24.3 NS 26.3 26.8 26.6 NS 36.1 37.9 34.6 36.8 39.0 45.9 36.3 34.1 .a3 34.4 31.2 NS 37.6 38.5 37.4 34.3 32.3 Blue-collar total 46.8 46.8 47.6 NS 44.8 NS 35.1 NS 33.1 NS 41.9 NS 49.2 NS 41.1 NS 36.0 005 39.9 NS .1 36.2 36.2 NS NS Craftsmen and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers Laborers, except farm 45.7 45.3 47.2 39.0 45.6 NS 48.6 48.8 48.6 35.5 33.9 NS 46.4 47.0 41.9 32.0 46.4 39.4 33.3 SetiCe Farm 45.1 33.1 - 54.8 36.0 36.2 28.7 - 33.9 . 33.4 . NS NS . Usual activity, homemaking - 31.6 NS / Not statistxally slgmficant (p>O.O51 samples. As is reported in Table 19, among men one difference was detected for smoking prevalence, but this difference showed an inconsistent pattern across samples. Among women employed as managers or administrators, there was a remarkable 10.7 percentage point decline in smoking prevalence between 1978 and 1980, which is over twice as large as the lo-year net decline between 1970 and 1980 (see Table 11). One possible explanation for this large 3-year decline in smoking prevalence is random fluctuation in the survey estimate. However, if this short-term time trend for female managers and administrators is valid, it would be of considerable interest. Given that the 197C 1978 comparisons already show female managers and administrators to be quitting at a relatively high rate (when compared with other 58 TABLE 20.-Estimates of the percentage of current smokers who smoke 40 or more cigarettes daily by sex, occupation, and NHIS sample (1978, 1979, 19801, aged 20 to 64 years Men Women P P Occupation 1978 1979 1980 value 1978 1979 1980 value Whitecollar total 23.6 21.0 19.3 NS' 10.1 11.4 14.0 NS Professional, technical and kindred workers Managers and administrators, except farm Sales workers Clerical and kindred workers 20.9 17.0 14.2 NS 90 8.6 14.1 NS 25.8 23.9 246 31.0 21.2 2u.5 16.0 15.2 NS 9.4 17.3 .05 16.0 20.5 15.4 11.8 NS Blue-collar total 18.7 11.7 NS Craftsmen and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers Laborers, except farm 19.4 22.7 16.9 13.9 13.4 20.5 174 19.1 16.6 13.6 15.9 11.5 - 22.2 NS 15 7 NS 3.4 NS 98 NS 11.3 NS 16.1 NS 11.0 NS .2 NS 11.1 NS . 13.0 13.1 10.5 22.9 7.1 . 11.4 , 12.9 NS 13.8 11.1 NS 18.9 o . Service 18.9 10.5 NS Farm 17.2 . o Usual activity, homemaking - - 10.4 10.6 ?? ' Nor statistically significant (p>O.O5) `Not enough cases for valid chisquare test (the expected cell frequency for one or more cells wa8 less than five). female occupational groups), it would seem prudent to closely monitor the smoking patterns of this occupational cohort of women. In regard to heavy smoking (see Table 20), no sample differences were found for men. Among female salesworkers, there was a striking 500 percent proportionate increase between 1978 and 1980 in the percentage of smokers of 40-plus cigarettes a day, which again must be interpreted with caution. Overall, 50 separate chi-square tests were examined, and 3 were statistically significant at p 5 0.05- which would be expected solely on the basis of chance. Detailed presentations of NHIS estimates of smoking prevalence are provided in Table 21 (1978-1980) and Table 22 (1970-1980 net change) for all occupational codes with 100 or more cases in the 59 combined 1978-1980 NHIS (unweighted sample). In Table 23 are provided a comprehensive list of all occupational codes with 100 or more cases in the 1978-1980 NHIS and the estimated percentage of men and women, aged 20 to 64 years, who are employed in each occupation. Figures 13 through 18 depict results from birth cohort analyses that were briefly summarized in the text, including male professional, technical, and kindred workers (Figure 13), managers and administrators (Figure 141, craftsman and kindred workers (Figure 151, and operatives and kindred workers (Figure 161, and female professional, technical, and kindred workers (Figure 17), and clerical and kindred workers (Figure 18). 60 TABLE 21.~Estimates of the percentage of current smokers by selected occupations, aged 20 to 64 years, united states, 197S1980 Occupation Men Women Total WHITEXDLLAR Professional, technical, and kindred workers Accountants (001) Electrical and electronic engineers (012) Law-j-era (031) Personnel and labor relationa workers (056) Physicians, medical and arteopathic #X6) Regard nu- (076) Social workers WO) Elementary school teachers (142) Secondary school teachers (144) Managers and administrators. except farm Bank offxers and fmancial managers (202) office managers n.e.c.' (220) Of?kiels and administrators, public administrators n.e.c. ' (222) Restaurant. cafeteria, and bar managers (230) Sales managers and department heads, retail trade (231) Managers and administrators n.e.c. (246) Sake workers lnsuranw agents, brokers, and underwriters (265) Real estate agents and brokers (270) Sales representatives, manufacturing industries (281) Sales representatives, wholesale trade (282) Sales clerks, retail trade (283) Salesmen, retail trade (284) Clerical and kindred workers Bank tellers (301) Bookkeepemao5) Cashiers (310) Estimators and investigators n.e.c. (321) Expediters and production controllers (323) Computer and peripheral equipment operators (34.3 Postal clerks (361) Receptionists (364) Secretaries n.e.c. (372) Stock clerks and storekeepers (381) Typists (391) Clerical workers, miscellaneous (394) Clerical workers, not specified (395) 26.8 30.4 28.2 16.2 33.0 ' 16.4 21.9 21.4' 21.8 30.9 ' 37.9 ' 34.1 18.1' 18.2' 18.1 46.4 ' 27.2 28.0 42.6' 37.3' 39.0 18.8 ' 19.8 19.6 24.9 24.8 24.9 35.9 43.9 ' 28.1 ' 25.4' 32.9 45.0 22.2' 20.3' 21.6 53.9 ' 52.4' 53.3 28.7 ' 33.8' 30.5 36.2 38.0 36.6 41.1' 21.8 41.0' 48.1' 41.1 36.4 43.2 32.9 ' 41.2 48.1 45.8 1 47.9 39.6 30.5 33.7 42.6' 39.3' 42.4 0.0 ' 42.9 ' 43.4 ' 28.4' 44.9 1 31.3' 38.2' 56.5' 61.7 ' 38.1 10.3 ' 34.9 ' 33.5' 25.7 36.5 44.2 35.9 ' 43.1' 24.7 37.1 44.1 33.1 44.3 44.7 ' 38.5 24.9' 33.9 31.0 31.8 30.9 31.2 31.2' 35.3 33.0 31.7 33.3 33.6 28.4' 29.1 61 TABLE 21.-Continued Occupation Men WOlIX?tl TOtal BLUE-COLLAR Craftamen and kindred workers carpenters (415) Electricians (430) Foremen n.e.c. (441) Machinists (461) Automobile mechanics (473) Heavy equipment mechanics. incl. diesel (481) Painters, cmet~ction and maintenance (510) Plumbers and pipe fitters (522) Operatives, except transport Aeeemblera (602) Checkers, examiners, and inepectore; manufacturing (610) Packers and wrappers. except meat end produce (643) Sewers and stitchers (663) Welders end flamecutters V%O) Machine operatives, miecellaneoua, specified @90) Machine operatives, not specified (692) hGcellaneoue operatives (694) Tramport operatives Bus drivers (703) Deliverymen and routemen (705) Fork lift and tow motor operatives (706) Truck drivers (715) 50.8 70.4 ' 46.3 100.0' 42.7 43.4 53.0 ' 50.5 54.7 L 47.4 49.5 ' 55.1 61.4' 47.1 39.1' 48.7 42.9 45.8 39.3 47.2 1 40.0 42.3 26.9 ' 25.8 25.9 47.8 28.9 ' 46.8 43.7 41.0 42.7 42.9 ' 50.3 ' 44.7 43.3 40.1' 42.4 50.3 ' 35.2 L 42.7 42.4 46.1' 42.7 49.3 ' 35.4 ' 48.7 53.6 62.7 ' 53.7 Workers, except farm Construction laborers, except carpenters' helpers (751) 53.0 52.8 ' Freight and material handlers (753) 42.5 34.6 ' Gardeners end groundskeepers, except farm (755) 46.1 43.7 1 Stock handlers (762) 37.4 ' 34.5 I Laborers, not specitied (785) 38.0 46.3 ' Farm workers Farmers @Ol) Farm laborers, wage workers (822) 28.1 29.9' 28.3 39.0 25.6 ' 34.9 50.9 48.5 44.2 43.7 50.5 47.7 54.0 47.1 45.3 42.3 53.0 41.6 45.9 36.6 39.0 62 TABLE 2l.--Continued Occupation Men women Total Service workers Cleaners and charwomen K102) Janitors and sextons (903) Cooks, except private household (912) waiters (915) Food service workers n.e.c.`, except private household (9161 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants (925) Practical numes (926) Child care workers, except private household (942) Hairdressm and cmmetilcgista KM) Guards and watchmen (962) Policemen and detectivea (964) Maids and servants, private household (934) 49.8 ' 49.8 45.0 ' 44.7 ' 42.1' 24.6 27.0 46.2 ' 41.0 42.0 55.3 ' 40.3 41.2 0.0 ' 28.9 63.2 ' 37.5 50.5 35.7 ' 44.5 51.5 ' 55.0 ' 32.1 30.5 39.0 ' 31.1 51.1 38.0 47.1 35.9 50.4 28.4 39.0 47.3 45.1 33.1 ' < 100 caea in the denominator (unweighted sample). `Not elsewhere claarified. SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics Health Interview Surveya. 1979-1980 kombined). 63 TABLE 22.~Estimates of the net change in smoking prevalence by sex and selected occupations, age 20 to 64 years, United States, 1970-1980 Occupation Men Women Total WHfITrcoLLAR Professional, technical, and kindred workers Accountants @01NOO) Electrical and electronic engineen, @12)~ Personnel and labor relations workers KJ56M154) Physicians, medical and osteopathic @65M153,162) Regietered nuraea (075M150) Social workers (lOOM171) Elementary school teachers (142M182) Secondary school teachera (144)/(163) -6.8 W83) 4.0 Managers and adminiatratars, except farm OtXcinla and administrators, public admhiatrators n.e.c.' (222M270) Managers and administratoza n.e.c. @45M2SO) Sales workers Insurance agents, brokers, and underwriters ww(385) Real estate agents and brokers (27OM393) Clerical end kindred workers Bank tellers (301)/(3051 BaAkeepers @05v(3101 Cashiers (310)/(312) Postal clerks 061M340) lleceptionti 064K?41) Secretaries n.e.c. (372M342) Stock clerks and storekeepers 031M350~ Typists @91v060) BLUECOLLAR -8.9 -8.5 ' + 10.2 ' +3.8 1 -10.5 ' -3.5 16.3 ' -8.1 -9.8 ' 14.6 -45.7' -1.3' +2.6 ' -1.0 ' - -0.8 ' -12.0 -52.8 I Craftsmen end kindred workers Carpenters (415)/(411) -4.1 Electricians (43OM421) +3.9 Foremen n.e.c. M41V(4301 -8.9 Machiniste (46M465) 4.7 Automobile mechanics (473M472) 4.5 Painters. construction and maintenance (510)/(495) -17.1 Plumbers and pipe tittera (522M510) 4.1 -0.4 -18.0 ' -9.2 -29.3 ' -10.0 -12.3 -11.4 + 11.0 ' +7.7 -1.2 -2.6 -1.3 -2.4 A.6 -4.1 -2.0 7.3 ' -15.4 -4.2 -7.3 -22.6 ' -11.3 +3.8' 4.8 -9.0 -11.3 4.2 -3.9 +3.7 +3.5 -15.7' -5.7 -10.6 -9.8 -6.1 -8.0 8.2 ' -12.2 4.9 -7.1 +50.3' -3.7 +33.4 ' -3.9 - -8.9 -7.3 ' -6.5 +22.3' -4.3 + 17.7 ' -17.3 - -4.1 64 TABLE 22.-Continued Occupation Men Women Total Operatives, except transport Assemblers @02)/(631) Checkers, examiners, and inspectors, manufacturing (61OM643) Packera and wrappers, except meat and produce (643)/(693) Sewers and stitchers @63)/(7&V Welders and flame-cutters S8OM721) -7.0 -2.0 -4.6 -8.7 -0.3 -4.4 -8.0 ' -18.8' -3.5 +2.6 -0.5 -12.7' -0.7 -0.8 -3.9 Transport operatives Bus drivers (703N641) Deliverymen and routemen (705V(650) +6.6' +11.2' +4.0 -11.6 f 10.0 ' -10.9 Farm workers Farmers @Ol)/@O) -44 +9.3' 3.4 Farm laborers, wage workers (822M902) -14.5 -6.2 ' -14.8 Service workers Cleaners and charwomen @02V@24) Cooks, except private household (912M825) Janitors and sextona (903)/@34) WaiterE (915)/@75) Practical nursea (926)/(&2) Hairdressers and ccemetolcgiste (944MJ343) Guards and watchmen (962M851) Policemen and detectives G64M853) -14.3' -19.2 ' -1.9 -2.9 ' -31.1' -5.4' 5.5 -3.2 -2.3 -1.6 -5.5 -9.4 +10.4' -0.4 -9.0 -8.7 i4.3 +3.7 -7.4 -8.0 +17.6' -6.9 +24.4' -2.0 ' < 100 - in the denominator (unweighted sample). `Not elsewhere classified. SOURcE: National Center for Health Statistica Health Interview Surveys. 1978-1980 (combined). 65 TABLE 23.~Estimates of percentage of U.S. population, aged 20 to 64 years, in selected occupations, 1978-1980 Occupation Men Women Total Professional, technical, and kindred workers Accountants (001) Electrical and electronic engineers (012) Lawyers (031) Personnel and labor relations workers (058) Physicians, medical and osteopathic (065) Registemd nurse4 (075) Social workers (100) Elementary echo01 teachera (142) Secondmy school teachers (144) Managers and adminiatratora, except farm Bank officers and financial managers (202) G&e managers n.e.c.' (220) Gflkide and administrators; public administratora n.e.c. (222) Restaurant, cafeteria, and bar managem (230) Sales managers and department heads, retail trade (231) Managers and adminintratora n.e.c. (245) S&a workers Insurance age&, brokers, and underwritera w5) Real estate agents and brokers (270) Sale9 representatives, manufacturing industries (281) Sales representatives. wholesale trade (282) S&a clerks, retail trade (283) Salesmen, retail trade (284) Clerical and kindred workers Bank tellers 001) Bcdkeepem 005) Caahiera (310) Estimator, and investigatora n.e.c. (321) Expediters and production controllers (323) Computer and peripheral equipment operatora @43) Postal clerks (361) Receptionist8 (364) Secretark n.e.c. (372) Stock clerks and storekeepers (381) Typll (391) Clerical workers, miscellaneous (394) Clerical workers, not specified (395) 1.2 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 2.0 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 2.1 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 9.4 2.4 5.8 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.6 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 2.7 1.5 0.2 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.1 5.5 2.9 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.8 66 TABLE 23.4ntinued Occupation Men Women Total BLUJZ-COLLAR Craftsmen end kindred workers carpenters (415) 2.4 0.0 1.2 Electriciana (430) 1.0 0.0 0.5 Foremen n.e.c. (441) 3.0 0.4 1.7 Machininta (461) 1.1 0.0 0.5 Automobile me&mica (473) 1.7 0.0 0.8 Heavy equipment mechanics, incl. diesel (481) 1.2 0.0 0.6 Paintew, construction and maintenance (510) 0.7 0.1 0.4 Plumbers and pipe fitters (522) 0.8 0.0 0.4 Operativea, except transport Assemblers (602) Checkers, examiners, end inspectors, manufacturing (610) Packers and wrappers, except meat and produce w.3 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 Sewers and stitchers (663) Welders and flamecutters (680) Machine operatives. mieceIlaneou8. specified SQO) 0.3 0.1 1.0 1.7 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.3 0.1 Machine operatives, not specified (692) Miacellaneoua operatives (694) 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.3 0.2 0.5 Transport operativea Bus drivers (703) Deliverymen and mutemen (705) Fork IiR and tow motor operatives (706) Truck drivers (715) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.3 3.0 0.0 1.5 Workers, except farm Con&uction laborers, except carpenters' helpera (751) Freiiht and material handlers (753) Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm (756) Stock handlers (762) Not specifd labotera (786) 1.2 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.4 Farm workers Farmers (801) Farm laborers, wage workers (822) 2.0 0.7 0.2 1.1 0.3 0.5 67 TABLE 23.-Continued Occupation Men Women Total Service workers Cleaners and charwomen @02) 0.5 0.7 0.6 Janitors end sextons WW 1.3 0.4 0.8 Cooke, except private household (912) 0.6 1.0 0.8 waiters (915) 0.2 1.4 0.8 Food service workera n.e.c.. except private household (916) Nursing aides. orderlies, and attendante (925) Practical nurses (926) Child care workers, except private 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.4 household (942) Hairdressera and comnetologiste (944) Guards and watchmen (962) Policemen and detectives (964) Maids and servants, private household (984) 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.4 All other occupations 30.2 15.9 22.7 Not in labor force 10.9 38.6 25.3 NOTE Includes all occupational codes with at lea& 100 ce&?a (aged 20 to 641 in the 1978-1980 HIS (unweighted aample). `Not ekwhere cla.ktied SOURCE. National Center for Health Statistics Health Interview Surveys, 197B1980 (combined). 68 Year FIGURE 13.-Changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts of U.S. men employed in professional, technical, and kindred occupations, 1909-1978 SOURCE. Data from Natmnal Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980 lcombinedl 69 3 / L d 1, 0 `& G ~I//> - ! - f - -.LiLz!zzX- - 2. 1900 1910 19x) 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1960 FIGURE 14.-Changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts of U.S. men employed as managers and administrators, 1900-1978 SOURCE. Data from Nat,onal Center for Health Statistxs. National Health Inter-&w Surveys, 197b1980 icombmed) 70 53 , i I I I 1931-1940 lso0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 FIGURE 15.-Changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts of U.S. men employed as craftsmen or in kindred occupations, 190&1978 SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Surveys. 19761980 (combined). 71 .e1901-1910 1 / I / / J j ; 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1990 ( j :,I !I I i 1. I ,r--r- `, \lT FIGURE 16.-Changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts of U.S. men employed as operatives or in kindred occupations, 1900-1978 SOURCE. Data from National Center far Health Stathtice, National Health fntetiew Surveys. 197b1980 Icombined) 72 1931-1940 -I FIGURE 17.-Changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts of U.S. women employed in professional, technical, or kindred occupations, 1900-1978 SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980 (combmed). 157-964 0 - 86 - 4 73 25 20 15 10 5 0 H-19401 ' --;,,;i 4 / ~1901-1910 A I I FIGURE l&-Changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts of U.S. women employed in clerical or kindred occupations, 1909-1978 SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Surveys. 19751980 bmhind). References U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE. Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office on Smoking and Health. DHEW Pub. No. (PHS)79-50066,1979. U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. Adult Use of Tobacco, 1970. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, DHEW Pub. No. (HSMl73-8727, June 1973. U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. Adult Use of Tobacco, 1975. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, June 1976. 75